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IBM RPG

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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#e0e0e0;">RPG Report Program Generator</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Programming_paradigm#Support_for_multiple_paradigms" title="Programming paradigm">Multi-paradigm</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data organiser"><a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">1959 (1959)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">RPG IV version 7 release 4

/ October 6, 2020 (2020-10-06)</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Type_system" title="Type system">Typing discipline</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Strong_and_weak_typing" title="Strong and weak typing">Strong</a>, <a href="Type_system#STATIC" title="Type system">static</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Control_Program_Facility" title="Control Program Facility">CPF</a>, <a href="System_Support_Program" title="System Support Program">SSP</a>, <a href="IBM_i" title="IBM i">OS/400</a>, <a href="IBM_i" title="IBM i">IBM i</a>, <a href="OS/VS1" title="OS/VS1">OS/VS1</a>, <a href="Z/OS" title="Z/OS">z/OS</a>, <a href="VSE_(operating_system)" title="VSE (operating system)">DOS/VSE</a>, <a href="VSE_(operating_system)" title="VSE (operating system)">VSE/SP</a>, <a href="VSE_(operating_system)" title="VSE (operating system)">VSE/ESA</a>, <a href="VSE_(operating_system)" title="VSE (operating system)">z/VSE</a>, <a href="VS/9" title="VS/9">VS/9</a>, <a href="PRIMOS" title="PRIMOS">PRIMOS</a>, <a href="OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">OpenVMS</a>, <a href="Wang_Laboratories#The_Wang_VS_computer_line" title="Wang Laboratories">Wang VS</a>, <a href="Burroughs_MCP" title="Burroughs MCP">Burroughs MCP</a>, <a href="HP_Multi-Programming_Executive" title="HP Multi-Programming Executive">HP MPE</a>, <a href="MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a>, <a href="OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a>, <a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;"><a href="Programming_language#Dialects,_flavors_and_implementations" title="Programming language">Dialects</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">RPG, <a href="RPG_II" class="mw-redirect" title="RPG II">RPG II</a>, <a href="RPG_III" class="mw-redirect" title="RPG III">RPG III</a>, RPG 400, <a href="RPG_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="RPG IV">RPG IV</a>, RPG/ILE; RPG/Free, Baby/36, Baby/400, Lattice RPG, VAX RPG II</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="IBM_709/90_9PAC" title="IBM 709/90 9PAC">9PAC</a>, <a href="FARGO_(programming_language)" title="FARGO (programming language)">FARGO</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

RPG is a <a href="High-level_programming_language" title="High-level programming language">high-level programming language</a> for <a href="Business_software" title="Business software">business applications</a>, introduced in 1959 for the <a href="IBM_1401" title="IBM 1401">IBM 1401</a>. It is most well known as the primary programming language of IBM's <a href="Midrange_computer" title="Midrange computer">midrange computer</a> product line, including the <a href="IBM_i" title="IBM i">IBM i</a> <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> RPG has traditionally featured a number of distinctive concepts, such as the program cycle, and the column-oriented syntax.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The most recent version is RPG IV, which includes a number of modernization features, including free-form syntax.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Platforms">Platforms</h2></div>

The RPG programming language originally was created by IBM for their 1401 systems. IBM later produced implementations for the <a href="IBM_7070" title="IBM 7070">7070/72/74</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> and <a href="System/360" class="mw-redirect" title="System/360">System/360</a>;<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> RPG II became the primary programming language for their <a href="Midrange_computer" title="Midrange computer">midrange computer</a> product line, (the <a href="System/3" class="mw-redirect" title="System/3">System/3</a>, <a href="System/32" class="mw-redirect" title="System/32">System/32</a>, <a href="System/34" class="mw-redirect" title="System/34">System/34</a>, <a href="System/38" class="mw-redirect" title="System/38">System/38</a>, <a href="System/36" class="mw-redirect" title="System/36">System/36</a> and <a href="AS/400" class="mw-redirect" title="AS/400">AS/400</a>). There have also been implementations for <a href="Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">DEC</a> <a href="VAX" title="VAX">VAX</a>, Sperry Univac BC/7, Univac system 80, Siemens <a href="BS2000" title="BS2000">BS2000</a>, Burroughs B700, <a href="Burroughs_B1700" title="Burroughs B1700">B1700</a>, Hewlett Packard <a href="HP_3000" title="HP 3000">HP 3000</a>, the <a href="ICL_2900" class="mw-redirect" title="ICL 2900">ICL 2900</a> series, Honeywell 6220 and 2020, Four-Phase IV/70 and IV/90 series, <a href="Singer_System_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Singer System 10">Singer System 10</a> and <a href="Wang_Laboratories#The_Wang_VS_computer_line" title="Wang Laboratories">WANG VS</a>, as well as miscellaneous compilers and runtime environments for Unix-based systems, such as Infinite36 (formerly Unibol 36), and PCs (Baby/400, Lattice-RPG).

RPG II applications are still supported under the <a href="VSE_(operating_system)" title="VSE (operating system)">VSE</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> and <a href="Z/OS" title="Z/OS">z/OS</a> operating systems,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <a href="Unisys" title="Unisys">Unisys</a> <a href="Burroughs_MCP" title="Burroughs MCP">MCP</a>,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> and <a href="OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">OpenVMS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3></div>

Originally developed by <a href="International_Business_Machines" class="mw-redirect" title="International Business Machines">IBM</a> in 1959, the name Report Program Generator was descriptive of the purpose of the language: generation of reports from data files.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <a href="FOLDOC" class="mw-redirect" title="FOLDOC">FOLDOC</a> accredits Wilf Hey with work at IBM that resulted in the development of RPG.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <a href="FARGO_Programming_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="FARGO Programming Language">FARGO</a> (Fourteen-o-one Automatic Report Generation Operation) was the predecessor to RPG on the <a href="IBM_1401" title="IBM 1401">IBM 1401</a>.

Both languages were intended to facilitate ease of transition for IBM <a href="Tabulating_machine" title="Tabulating machine">tabulating machine</a> (Tab) <a href="Unit_record_equipment" title="Unit record equipment">unit record equipment</a> technicians to the then-new computers. Tab machine technicians were accustomed to plugging wires into <a href="Plugboard" title="Plugboard">control panels</a> to implement input, output, control and counter operations (add, subtract, multiply, divide). Tab machines programs were executed by impulses emitted in a machine cycle; hence, FARGO and RPG emulated the notion of the machine cycle with the program cycle. RPG was superior to and rapidly replaced FARGO as the report generator program of choice.

IBM later implemented RPG(7070-RG-902), but not FARGO, on the <a href="IBM_7070" title="IBM 7070">IBM 7070</a>/72/74.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>

The alternative languages generally available at the time were <a href="Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembler</a>, <a href="COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a> or <a href="FORTRAN" class="mw-redirect" title="FORTRAN">FORTRAN</a>. Assembler and COBOL were more common in mainframe business operations (<a href="System/360" class="mw-redirect" title="System/360">System/360</a> models 30 and above) and RPG more commonly used by customers who were in transition from tabulating equipment (System/360 model 20).

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="RPG_II" class="mw-redirect" title="RPG II">RPG II</a></div>

RPG II was introduced about 1969 with the <a href="System/3" class="mw-redirect" title="System/3">System/3</a> series of computers. It was later used on <a href="System/32" class="mw-redirect" title="System/32">System/32</a>, <a href="System/34" class="mw-redirect" title="System/34">System/34</a>, and <a href="System/36" class="mw-redirect" title="System/36">System/36</a>, with an improved version of the language. RPG II was also available for larger systems, including the <a href="IBM_System/370" title="IBM System/370">IBM System/370</a> mainframe running <a href="DOS/VSE" class="mw-redirect" title="DOS/VSE">DOS/VSE</a> (then <a href="VSE/SP" class="mw-redirect" title="VSE/SP">VSE/SP</a>, <a href="VSE/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="VSE/ESA">VSE/ESA</a>, and <a href="Z/VSE" class="mw-redirect" title="Z/VSE">z/VSE</a>). <a href="International_Computers_Limited" title="International Computers Limited">ICL</a> also produced a version on its <a href="ICL_VME" title="ICL VME">VME/K</a> operating system.

In the early days of RPG, its major strength was the program cycle. A programmer would write code to process an individual record, and the program cycle would execute the change against every record of a file, taking care of the control flow. At that time each record (individual punched card) would be compared to each line in the program, which would act upon the record, or not, based upon whether that line had an "indicator" turned "on" or "off". The indicator consisted of a set of logical variables numbered 01–99 for user-defined purposes, or other smaller sets based upon record, field, or report processing functions. The concept of level breaks and matching records is unique to the RPG II language, and was originally developed with card readers in mind. The matching record feature of the cycle enabled easy processing of files having a header-to-detail relationship. RPG programs written to take advantage of the program cycle could produce complex reports with far fewer lines of computer code than programs written in <a href="COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a> and other business-centric languages.

The program File Specifications, listed all files being written to, read from or updated, followed by <a href="Data_definition_specification" title="Data definition specification">Data Definition Specifications</a> containing program elements such as Data Structures and dimensional arrays, much like a "Working-Storage" section of a COBOL program. This is followed by Calculation Specifications, which contain the executable instructions. Output Specifications can follow which can be used to determine the layout of other files or reports. Alternatively files, some <a href="Data_structure" title="Data structure">data structures</a> and reports can be defined externally, mostly eliminating the need to hand code input and output ("<a href="Input/output" title="Input/output">I/O</a>") specifications.

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="RPG_III" class="mw-redirect" title="RPG III">RPG III</a></div>

RPG III was created for the <a href="System/38" class="mw-redirect" title="System/38">System/38</a> and its successor the <a href="AS/400" class="mw-redirect" title="AS/400">AS/400</a>. RPG III significantly departed from the original language, providing modern structured constructs like IF-ENDIF blocks, DO loops, and <a href="Subroutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Subroutine">subroutines</a>. RPG III was also available for larger systems including the <a href="IBM_System/370" title="IBM System/370">IBM System/370</a> mainframe running <a href="OS/VS1" title="OS/VS1">OS/VS1</a>. It was also available from <a href="Unisys" title="Unisys">Unisys</a> for the <a href="VS/9" title="VS/9">VS/9</a> operating system running on the <a href="UNIVAC_Series_90" title="UNIVAC Series 90">UNIVAC Series 90</a> mainframes.

Since the introduction of the <a href="IBM_System/38" title="IBM System/38">IBM System/38</a> in 1979 most RPG programmers discontinued use of the cycle in favor of controlling program flow with standard looping constructs, although IBM has continued to provide backward compatibility for the cycle.

DE/RPG or Data Entry RPG was exclusively available on the <a href="IBM_5280" title="IBM 5280">IBM 5280</a> series of data-entry workstations in the early '80s. It was similar to RPG III but lacking external Data Descriptions (DDS) to describe data(files) like on the System/38 and its successors. Instead, the DDS part had to be included into the RPG source itself.

RPG/400 was effectively RPG III running on AS/400. IBM renamed the RPG compiler as "RPG/400" but at the time of its introduction it was identical to the RPG III compiler on System/38. Virtually all IBM System/38 products were rebranded as xxx/400 and the RPG compiler was no exception. RPG III compiled with the RPG/400 compiler offered nothing new to the RPG III language until IBM began development of new operation codes, such as SCAN, CAT and XLATE after several years of AS/400 availability. These enhancements to RPG III were not available in the System/38 version of RPG III.

RPG IV, a.k.a. RPG ILE,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> was released in 1994 as part of the V3R2 release of <a href="OS/400" class="mw-redirect" title="OS/400">OS/400</a> (now known as IBM i).<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a>

With the release of RPG IV, the RPG name was officially no longer an <a href="Initialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Initialism">initialism</a>. RPG IV offered a greater variety of expressions within its Extended Factor-2 Calculation Specification and, later in life, its free-format Calculation Specifications and Procedure syntax.

RPG IV in the <a href="Integrated_Language_Environment" title="Integrated Language Environment">Integrated Language Environment framework</a> is known as ILE RPG, and user guides explain the nuances of both.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> RPG IV and ILE RPG are supported by IBM in the current IBM i platform.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a>

In 2001, with the release of <a href="IBM_i" title="IBM i">OS/400</a> V5R1, RPG IV offered greater freedom for calculations than offered by the Extended Factor-2 Calculation Specification: a free-format text-capable source entry, as an alternative to the original column-dependent source format. The "/FREE" calculation did not require the operation code to be placed in a particular column; the operation code is optional for the EVAL and CALLP operations; and syntax generally more closely resembles that of mainstream, general-purpose programming languages. Until November 2013, the free format applied exclusively to the calculation specifications.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> With the <a href="IBM_i" title="IBM i">IBM i</a> V7R1 TR7 upgrade to the language, the "/free" and "/end-free" calculations are no longer necessary, and the language has finally broken the ties to punched cards.

IBM Rational Developer for i (RDi),<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> an <a href="Eclipse_(software)" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse</a>-based <a href="Integrated_Development_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Development Environment">Integrated Development Environment</a>, is recommended by IBM for RPG development.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The Source Entry Utility (SEU) text editor is no longer recommended for RPG development, and development ceased after IBM i 6.1.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Other legacy developer tools include CODE/400 (based on IBM WorkFrame/2) and <a href="VisualAge" title="VisualAge">VisualAge for RPG</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Continuing_language_enhancements">Continuing language enhancements</h4></div>

IBM continues to enhance the RPG language<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> via software releases and intra-release “technology refreshes” (TRs).<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> More built-in functions (BIFs) have been added. It has the ability to link to <a href="Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> objects,<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> and IBM i <a href="Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">APIs</a>; it can be used to write <a href="Common_Gateway_Interface" title="Common Gateway Interface">CGI</a> programs with the help of IBM's <a href="Cgidev2" title="Cgidev2">Cgidev2</a> Web toolkit,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> the <a href="Linoma_Software" title="Linoma Software">RPG Toolbox</a>, and other commercial Web-enabled packages. Even with the changes, it retains a great deal of backward compatibility, so an RPG program written 37 years ago could run today with little or no modification.

The SQL precompiler allows current RPG developers to take advantage of IBM's cost-based SQE (SQL Query Engine). With the traditional F-Spec approach a developer had to identify a specific access path to a data set, now they can implement standard embedded SQL statements directly in the program. When compiled, the SQL precompiler transforms SQL statements into RPG statements which call the database manager programs that ultimately implement the query request.

The RPG IV language is based on the <a href="EBCDIC" title="EBCDIC">EBCDIC</a> character set, but also supports UTF-8, UTF-16 and many other character sets. The threadsafe aspects of the language are considered idiosyncratic by some as the compiler team has addressed threads by giving each thread its own static storage, rather than make the RPG run-time environment re-entrant. This has been noted to muddle the distinction between a thread and a process (making RPG IV threads a kind of hybrid between threads and processes).

In 2010, IBM launched RPG Open Access, also known as Rational Open Access: RPG Edition. It allows new I/O handlers to be defined by a programmer - enabling data to be read from and written to sources which RPG does not provide inbuilt support for.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Data_types">Data types</h2></div>

RPG supports the following data types.

Note: The character in the data type column is the character that is encoded on the Definition Specification in the column designated for data type. To compare, in a language like C where definitions of variables are free-format and would use a keyword such as int to declare an integer variable, in RPG, a variable is defined with a fixed-format Definition Specification. In the Definition Specification, denoted by a letter D in column 6 of a source line, the data type character would be encoded in column 40. Also, if the data type character is omitted, that is, left blank, the default is A if no decimal positions are specified, P when decimal positions are specified for stand-along fields, and S (ZONED) when decimal positions are specified within a data structure.

<th style="width:10%">Data type

</th>

<th style="width:20%">Name

</th>

<th style="width:25%">Length

</th>

<th style="width:45%">Description

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>Alphanumeric character

</td>

<td>1 to 16,773,104 bytes (fixed) 1 to 16,773,100 bytes (varying-length)

</td>

<td>Alphanumeric character

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>Binary numeric

</td>

<td>1 byte (8-bit) 2 byte (16-bit) 4 bytes (32-bit) 8 bytes (64-bit)

</td>

<td>Signed binary integer

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>UCS-2 character

</td>

<td>1 to 8,386,552 characters (fixed) 1 to 8,386,550 characters (varying)

</td>

<td>16-bit UCS-2 character (<a href="DBCS" class="mw-redirect" title="DBCS">DBCS</a> or EGCS)

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>Date

</td>

<td>10 bytes

</td>

<td>Date: year, month, day

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="Floating_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating point">Floating point</a> numeric

</td>

<td>4 bytes (32-bit) 8 bytes (64-bit)

</td>

<td>Signed binary floating-point real

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>Graphic character

</td>

<td>1 to 8,386,552 characters (fixed) 1 to 8,386,550 characters (varying)

</td>

<td>16-bit graphic character (<a href="DBCS" class="mw-redirect" title="DBCS">DBCS</a> or EGCS)

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>Integer numeric

</td>

<td>1 byte (8-bit) 2 bytes (16-bit) 4 bytes (32-bit) 8 bytes (64-bit)

</td>

<td>Signed binary integer

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="Character_indicator" class="mw-redirect" title="Character indicator">Character indicator</a>

</td>

<td>1 byte

</td>

<td>'1' = TRUE '0' = FALSE

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>Object

</td>

<td>Size undisclosed

</td>

<td>Object reference

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="Packed_decimal" class="mw-redirect" title="Packed decimal">Packed decimal</a> numeric

</td>

<td>1 to 63 digits, 2 digits per byte plus sign

</td>

<td>Signed fixed-point decimal number with integer and fraction digits

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="Zoned_decimal" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoned decimal">Zoned decimal</a> numeric

</td>

<td>1 to 63 digits, 1 digit per byte

</td>

<td>Signed fixed-point decimal number with integer and fraction digits

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>Time

</td>

<td>8 bytes

</td>

<td>Time: hour, minute, second

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>Integer numeric

</td>

<td>1 byte (8-bit) 2 bytes (16-bit) 4 bytes (32-bit) 8 bytes (64-bit)

</td>

<td>Unsigned binary integer

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="Timestamp" title="Timestamp">Timestamp</a>

</td>

<td>26 bytes

</td>

<td><a href="System_time" title="System time">Date and time</a>:   year, month, day, hour, minute, second, microseconds

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="Pointer_(computer_programming)#Based_pointer" title="Pointer (computer programming)">Basing-Pointer</a> <a href="Pointer_(computer_programming)#Function_pointer" title="Pointer (computer programming)">Procedure-Pointer</a> System-Pointer

</td>

<td>16 bytes

</td>

<td>Address to Data Address to Activated Procedure Address to Object

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example_code">Example code</h2></div>

The following program receives a customer number as an input parameter and returns the name and address as output parameters.

This is the most primitive version of RPG IV syntax. The same program is shown later with gradually more modern versions of the syntax and gradually more relaxed rules.

<pre> * Historically RPG was columnar in nature, though free-formatting

* was allowed under particular circumstances.

* The purpose of various lines code are determined by a

* letter code in column 6.

* An asterisk (*) in column 7 denotes a comment line

* "F" (file) specs define files and other i/o devices

F ARMstF1 IF E K Disk Rename(ARMST:RARMST)

* "D" (data) specs are used to define variables

D pCusNo S 6p

D pName S 30a

D pAddr1 S 30a

D pAddr2 S 30a

D pCity S 25a

D pState S 2a

D pZip S 10a

* "C" (calculation) specs are used for executable statements

* Parameters are defined using plist and parm opcodes

C *entry plist

C parm pCusNo

C parm pName

C parm pAddr1

C parm pAddr2

C parm pCity

C parm pState

C parm pZip

* The "chain" command is used for random access of a keyed file

C pCusNo chain ARMstF1

* If a record is found, move fields from the file into parameters

C if %found

C eval pName = ARNm01

C eval pAddr1 = ARAd01

C eval pAddr2 = ARAd02

C eval pCity = ARCy01

C eval pState = ARSt01

C eval pZip = ARZp15

C endif

* RPG makes use of switches. One switch "LR" originally stood for "last record"

* LR flags the program and its dataspace as removable from memory

C eval *InLR = *On

</pre>

The same program using free calculations available starting in V5R1:

<pre> * "F" (file) specs define files and other i/o devices

FARMstF1 IF E K Disk Rename(ARMST:RARMST)

* "D" (data) specs are used to define variables and parameters

* The "prototype" for the program is in a separate file

* allowing other programs to call it

/copy cust_pr

* The "procedure interface" describes the *ENTRY parameters

D getCustInf PI

D pCusNo 6p 0 const

D pName 30a

D pAddr1 30a

D pAddr2 30a

D pCity 25a

D pState 2a

D pZip 10a

/free

// The "chain" command is used for random access of a keyed file

chain pCusNo ARMstF1;

// If a record is found, move fields from the file into parameters

if %found;

pName = ARNm01;

pAddr1 = ARAd01;

pAddr2 = ARAd02;

pCity = ARCy01;

pState = ARSt01;

pZip = ARZp15;

endif;

// RPG makes use of switches. One switch "LR" originally stood for "last record"

// LR actually flags the program and its dataspace as removable from memory.

*InLR = *On;

/end-free

</pre>

Assume the ARMSTF1 example table was created using the following SQL Statement:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sql mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>create table armstf1

(arcnum decimal(7,0),

arname char(30),

aradd1 char(30),

aradd2 char(30),

arcity char(25),

arstte char(2),

arzip char(10))

</pre></div>

The same program using free calculations and embedded SQL:

<pre> * RPG IV no longer requires the use of the *INLR indicator to terminate a program.

* by using the MAIN keyword on the "H" (Header) spec, and identifying the "main" or

* entry procedure name, the program will begin and end normally without using the

* decades-old RPG Cycle and instead a more "C like" begin and end logic.

H MAIN(getCustInf)

* "D" (data) specs are used to define variables and parameters

* The "prototype" for the program is in a separate file

* allowing other programs to call it

/copy cust_pr

* The "procedure interface" describes the *ENTRY parameters

P getCustInf B

D getCustInf PI

D pCusNo 6p 0 const

D pName 30a

D pAddr1 30a

D pAddr2 30a

D pCity 25a

D pState 2a

D pZip 10a

/free

exec sql select arName, arAddr1, arAdd2, arCity, arStte, arZip

into :pName, :pAddr1, :pAddr2, :pCity, :pState, :pZip

from ARMstF1

where arCNum = :pCusNo

for fetch only

fetch first 1 row only

optimize for 1 row

with CS;

/end-free

P GetCustInf E

</pre>

As of V7R1 of the operating system, the above program would not necessarily need the prototype in a separate file, so it could be completely written as:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sql mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre> H main(GetCustInf)

D ARMSTF1 E DS

P GetCustInf B

D GetCustInf PI extpgm('CUS001')

D inCusNo like(arCNum) const

D outName like(arName)

D outAddr1 like(arAdd1)

D outAddr2 like(arAdd2)

D outCity like(arCity)

D outState like(arStte)

D outZip like(arZip)

/free

exec sql select arName, arAdd1, arAdd2, arCity, arStte, arZip

into :outName, :outAddr1, :outAddr2, :outCity, :outState,

:outZip

from ARMSTF1

where arCNum = :inCusNo

fetch first 1 row only

with CS

use currently committed;

/end-free

P GetCustInf E

</pre></div>

Lastly, if you apply the compiler PTFs related Technology Refresh 7 (TR7) to your 7.1 operating system, then the above program can be coded completely in free-form, as follows:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sql mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre> ctl-opt main(GetCustInf);

dcl-ds ARMSTF1 ext end-ds;

dcl-proc GetCustInf;

dcl-pi *n extpgm('CUS001');

inCusNo like(arCNum) const;

outName like(arName);

outAddr1 like(arAdd1);

outAddr2 like(arAdd2);

outCity like(arCity);

outState like(arStte);

outZip like(arZip);

end-pi;

:outZip

from ARMSTF1

with CS

use currently committed;

return;

end-proc;

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/en/ssw_i5_54/books/c0918160.pdf">"RPG/400 User's Guide"</a> (PDF). Ibm.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170807070650/https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/en/ssw_i5_54/books/c0918160.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 August 2017. Retrieved 6 August 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.easy400.net/cgidev2/start">"EASY400 CGIDEV2"</a>. Easy400.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190326190652/https://www.easy400.net/cgidev2/start">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/en/ssw_ibm_i_72/rzasm/roaIntro.htm">"Rational Open Access: RPG Edition"</a>. IBM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240229162204/https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/i/7.2?topic=edition-rational-open-access-rpg">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-02-29. Retrieved 2021-03-17.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101224021048/http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/showlanguage2.prx?exp=35">"9PAC, Report Generator"</a>. History of Programming Languages (HOPL), Murdoch University, AU. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/showlanguage2.prx?exp=35">the original</a> on 2010-12-24. Retrieved 2008-04-01.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110415045221/http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/showlanguage2.prx?exp=207">"RPG, Report Program Generator"</a>. History of Programming Languages (HOPL), Murdoch University, AU. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/showlanguage2.prx?exp=207">the original</a> on 2011-04-15. Retrieved 2008-04-01.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDuCharme2006" class="citation web cs1">DuCharme, Bob (2006-02-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snee.com/bobdc.blog/2006/02/pulling_data_out_of_computers.html">"Pulling data out of computers in the mid-twentieth and early twenty-first centuries"</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFCozzi1996" class="citation web cs1">Cozzi, Robert (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mc-store.com/5080.html">"The Modern RPG IV Language"</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFShellyThomas_J._Cashman1977" class="citation book cs1">Shelly, Gary B.; Thomas J. Cashman (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontoco0000shel/">Introduction to Computer Programming RPG</a>. Fullerton, California: Anaheim Publishing Company. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-88236-225-9</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFSmithMartin_BarbeauSusan_GantnerJon_Paris2000" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Brian R.; Martin Barbeau; Susan Gantner; Jon Paris; Zdravko Vincetic; Vladimir Zupka (April 25, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redbooks/pdfs/sg245402.pdf">"Who Knew You Could Do That with RPG IV? A Sorcerer's Guide to System Access and More"</a> (PDF). IBM International Technical Support Organization. Retrieved 2012-02-18.</cite> "This redbook is focused on RPG IV as a modern, thriving, and rich application development language for the 21st century."</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.midrange.com/">Midrange.com</a> — A large number of code examples are available here</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rpgpgm.com/">RPGPGM.COM</a> — An extensive resource of articles giving examples of RPG code and related programming</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240227062509/http://www.coztools.com/iOpen">RPG Open</a> — Free (open source) resources for RPG IV and IBM i application development.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFIBM1964" class="citation book cs1">IBM (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/1401/C24-3261-1_1401_diskRPG.pdf">IBM 1401 RPG manual</a> (PDF). C24-3261-1.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFIBM2016" class="citation book cs1">IBM (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/ssw_ibm_i_73/rzasc/sc092507.pdf">ILE RPG Programmer's Guide</a> (PDF). SC09-2507-10.</cite></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314093748/http://gsf-soft.com/Documents/RPG-ZOS.shtml">RPG II for MVS, OS/390 and z/OS</a> — Status of the IBM RPG II product in z/OS</li></ul>

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</style><div id="IBM940" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_IBM" title="History of IBM">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_IBM" title="History of IBM">History</a>

<ul><li><a href="IBM_and_World_War_II" title="IBM and World War II">World War II</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_IBM" title="List of mergers and acquisitions by IBM">Mergers and acquisitions</a>

<ul><li><a href="Acquisition_of_the_IBM_PC_business_by_Lenovo" title="Acquisition of the IBM PC business by Lenovo">PC business acquisition by Lenovo</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_IBM_products" title="List of IBM products">Products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hardware8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="IBM_mainframe" title="IBM mainframe">Mainframe</a>

<li><a href="IBM_Power_microprocessors" title="IBM Power microprocessors">Power microprocessors</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Power_Systems" title="IBM Power Systems">Power Systems</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_storage" title="IBM storage">Storage</a>

<ul><li><a href="IBM_FlashSystem" title="IBM FlashSystem">FlashSystem</a></li>

<li>Quantum

<ul><li><a href="IBM_Q_System_One" title="IBM Q System One">Q System One</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Q_System_Two" title="IBM Q System Two">Q System Two</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Eagle" title="IBM Eagle">Eagle</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Osprey" title="IBM Osprey">Osprey</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Heron" title="IBM Heron">Heron</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Condor" title="IBM Condor">Condor</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Cell_(processor)" title="Cell (processor)">Cell microprocessors</a></li>

<li><a href="PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a></li>

<li><a href="Midrange_computer" title="Midrange computer">Midrange computer</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Personal Computer">Personal Computer</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Selectric" title="IBM Selectric">Selectric</a></li>

<li><a href="ThinkPad" title="ThinkPad">ThinkPad</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Carbon_Design_System" title="Carbon Design System">Carbon Design System</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Cloud" title="IBM Cloud">Cloud</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cloudant" title="Cloudant">Cloudant</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Cognos_Analytics" title="IBM Cognos Analytics">Cognos Analytics</a></li>

<li><a href="HCL_Connections" title="HCL Connections">Connections</a></li>

<li><a href="Criminal_Reduction_Utilising_Statistical_History" title="Criminal Reduction Utilising Statistical History">Criminal Reduction Utilising Statistical History</a></li>

<li><a href="Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Information_Management_Software" title="IBM Information Management Software">Information Management Software</a></li>

<li><a href="Lotus_Software" title="Lotus Software">Lotus Software</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_IBM_mainframe_operating_systems" title="History of IBM mainframe operating systems">Mainframe operating systems</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Mashup_Center" title="IBM Mashup Center">Mashup Center</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Planning_Analytics" title="IBM Planning Analytics">Planning Analytics</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_PureQuery" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PureQuery">PureQuery</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Quantum_Platform" title="IBM Quantum Platform">Quantum Platform</a>

<ul><li><a href="Qiskit" title="Qiskit">Qiskit</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenQASM" title="OpenQASM">OpenQASM</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Rational_Software" title="Rational Software">Rational Software</a></li>

<li><a href="Tivoli_Software" title="Tivoli Software">Tivoli Software</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tivoli_Service_Automation_Manager" title="Tivoli Service Automation Manager">Service Automation Manager</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Watson" title="IBM Watson">Watson</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Watsonx" title="IBM Watsonx">Watsonx</a>

<ul><li><a href="IBM_Granite" title="IBM Granite">Granite</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="IBM_WebSphere" title="IBM WebSphere">WebSphere</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Business entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apptio" title="Apptio">Apptio</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Center_for_The_Business_of_Government" title="IBM Center for The Business of Government">Center for The Business of Government</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Consulting" title="IBM Consulting">Consulting</a>

<ul><li><a href="Promontory_Financial_Group" title="Promontory Financial Group">Promontory</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Kenexa" title="Kenexa">Kenexa</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_international_subsidiaries_of_IBM" title="List of international subsidiaries of IBM">International subsidiaries</a>

<ul><li><a href="IBM_India" title="IBM India">India</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Press" title="IBM Press">Press</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Research" title="IBM Research">Research</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AdStar" title="AdStar">AdStar</a></li>

<li><a href="AIM_alliance" title="AIM alliance">AIM alliance</a>

<ul><li><a href="Kaleida_Labs" title="Kaleida Labs">Kaleida Labs</a></li>

<li><a href="Taligent" title="Taligent">Taligent</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ambra_Computer_Corporation" title="Ambra Computer Corporation">Ambra Computer</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognos" title="Cognos">Cognos</a></li>

<li><a href="EduQuest" title="EduQuest">EduQuest</a></li>

<li><a href="Kyndryl" title="Kyndryl">Kyndryl</a></li>

<li><a href="Lexmark" title="Lexmark">Lexmark</a></li>

<li><a href="Merative" title="Merative">Merative</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Microelectronics" title="IBM Microelectronics">Microelectronics</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Product_Center" title="IBM Product Center">Product Center</a></li>

<li><a href="Science_Research_Associates" title="Science Research Associates">Science Research Associates</a></li>

<li><a href="Service_Bureau_Corporation" title="Service Bureau Corporation">Service Bureau</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Weather_Company" title="The Weather Company">The Weather Company</a> (<a href="Weather_Underground_(weather_service)" title="Weather Underground (weather service)">Weather Underground</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Towers

<ul><li><a href="1250_Ren%C3%A9-L%C3%A9vesque" title="1250 René-Lévesque">1250 René-Lévesque</a>, Montreal, QC</li>

<li><a href="One_Atlantic_Center" title="One Atlantic Center">One Atlantic Center</a>, Atlanta, GA</li></ul></li>

<li>Software Labs

<ul><li><a href="IBM_Rome_Software_Lab" title="IBM Rome Software Lab">Rome Software Lab</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Toronto_Software_Lab" title="IBM Toronto Software Lab">Toronto Software Lab</a></li></ul></li>

<li>IBM Buildings

<ul><li><a href="AMA_Plaza" title="AMA Plaza">Chicago</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Building%2C_Honolulu" title="IBM Building, Honolulu">Honolulu</a></li>

<li><a href="1200_Fifth" title="1200 Fifth">Seattle</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Facilities

<ul><li><a href="Thomas_J._Watson_Research_Center" title="Thomas J. Watson Research Center">Thomas J. Watson Research Center</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Hakozaki_Facility" title="IBM Hakozaki Facility">Hakozaki Facility</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Yamato_Facility" title="IBM Yamato Facility">Yamato Facility</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cambridge_Scientific_Center" title="Cambridge Scientific Center">Cambridge Scientific Center</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Hursley" title="IBM Hursley">IBM Hursley</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Canada_Head_Office_Building" title="IBM Canada Head Office Building">Canada Head Office Building</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Rochester" title="IBM Rochester">IBM Rochester</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Initiatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Academy of Technology</li>

<li><a href="IBM_Deep_Thunder" title="IBM Deep Thunder">Deep Thunder</a>

<ul><li><a href="Develothon" title="Develothon">Develothon</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Fellow" title="IBM Fellow">Fellow</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM's_The_Great_Mind_Challenge" title="IBM's The Great Mind Challenge">The Great Mind Challenge</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_Technology_Center" title="Linux Technology Center">Linux Technology Center</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_SkillsBuild" title="IBM SkillsBuild">SkillsBuild</a></li>

<li><a href="Smarter_Planet" title="Smarter Planet">Smarter Planet</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Virtual_Universe_Community" title="IBM Virtual Universe Community">Virtual Universe Community</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Community_Grid" title="World Community Grid">World Community Grid</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Think_conference" title="IBM Think conference">Think conference</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inventions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Automated_teller_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated teller machine">Automated teller machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Cynefin_framework" title="Cynefin framework">Cynefin framework</a></li>

<li><a href="Keypunch" title="Keypunch">Electronic keypunch</a></li>

<li><a href="Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">Floppy disk</a></li>

<li><a href="Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">Hard disk drive</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnetic_stripe_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic stripe card">Magnetic stripe card</a></li>

<li><a href="Relational_model" title="Relational model">Relational model</a></li>

<li><a href="Sabre_(travel_reservation_system)" title="Sabre (travel reservation system)">Sabre airline reservation system</a></li>

<li><a href="Scanning_tunneling_microscope" title="Scanning tunneling microscope">Scanning tunneling microscope</a></li>

<li><a href="Swap_(finance)" title="Swap (finance)">Financial swaps</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_Product_Code" title="Universal Product Code">Universal Product Code</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Commercial_Processing_Workload" title="Commercial Processing Workload">Commercial Processing Workload</a></li>

<li><a href="Customer_engineer" title="Customer engineer">Customer engineer</a></li>

<li><a href="Globally_integrated_enterprise" title="Globally integrated enterprise">Globally integrated enterprise</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_business" title="Electronic business">e-business</a></li>

<li><a href="Think_(slogan)" title="Think (slogan)">Think slogan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_IBM_CEOs" title="List of IBM CEOs">CEOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Thomas_J._Watson" title="Thomas J. Watson">Thomas J. Watson</a> (1914–1956)</li>

<li><a href="Thomas_J._Watson_Jr." title="Thomas J. Watson Jr.">Thomas Watson Jr.</a> (1956–1971)</li>

<li><a href="T._Vincent_Learson" title="T. Vincent Learson">T. Vincent Learson</a> (1971–1973)</li>

<li><a href="Frank_T._Cary" title="Frank T. Cary">Frank T. Cary</a> (1973–1981)</li>

<li><a href="John_Fellows_Akers" title="John Fellows Akers">John Fellows Akers</a> (1985–1993)</li>

<li><a href="Lou_Gerstner" title="Lou Gerstner">Louis V. Gerstner Jr.</a> (1993–2002)</li>

<li><a href="Samuel_J._Palmisano" title="Samuel J. Palmisano">Samuel J. Palmisano</a> (2002–2011)</li>

<li><a href="Ginni_Rometty" title="Ginni Rometty">Ginni Rometty</a> (2012–2020)</li>

<li><a href="Arvind_Krishna" title="Arvind Krishna">Arvind Krishna</a> (since 2020)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Board of directors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Thomas_Buberl" title="Thomas Buberl">Thomas Buberl</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Farr_(businessman)" title="David Farr (businessman)">David Farr</a></li>

<li><a href="Alex_Gorsky" title="Alex Gorsky">Alex Gorsky</a></li>

<li><a href="Michelle_Howard" title="Michelle Howard">Michelle J. Howard</a></li>

<li><a href="Arvind_Krishna" title="Arvind Krishna">Arvind Krishna</a></li>

<li><a href="Andrew_Liveris" title="Andrew Liveris">Andrew Liveris</a></li>

<li><a href="Martha_E._Pollack" class="mw-redirect" title="Martha E. Pollack">Martha E. Pollack</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_R._Swedish" title="Joseph R. Swedish">Joseph R. Swedish</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Voser" title="Peter Voser">Peter R. Voser</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li>Big Blue sports teams

<ul><li><a href="IBM_Big_Blue_(X-League)" title="IBM Big Blue (X-League)">American football</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Big_Blue_(rugby_union)" title="IBM Big Blue (rugby union)">Rugby union</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Common_Public_License" title="Common Public License">Common Public License</a>/<a href="IBM_Public_License" title="IBM Public License">IBM Public License</a>

<ul><li><a href="Wallace_v._International_Business_Machines_Corp." title="Wallace v. International Business Machines Corp.">Wallace v. International Business Machines Corp.</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Deep_Thought_(chess_computer)" title="Deep Thought (chess computer)">Deep Thought</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynamic_infrastructure" title="Dynamic infrastructure">Dynamic infrastructure</a></li>

<li><a href="GlobalFoundries" title="GlobalFoundries">GlobalFoundries</a></li>

<li><a href="GUIDE_International" title="GUIDE International">GUIDE International</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_and_the_Holocaust" title="IBM and the Holocaust">IBM and the Holocaust</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_international_chess_tournament" title="IBM international chess tournament">International chess tournament</a></li>

<li><a href="Lucifer_(cipher)" title="Lucifer (cipher)">Lucifer cipher</a></li>

<li><a href="Mathematica%3A_A_World_of_Numbers..._and_Beyond" title="Mathematica: A World of Numbers... and Beyond">Mathematica</a></li>

<li><a href="SHARE_(computing)" title="SHARE (computing)">SHARE computing</a></li>

<li><a href="ScicomP" title="ScicomP">ScicomP</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_and_unions" title="IBM and unions">Unions</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/IBM" class="extiw external" title="commons:IBM">Commons</a></li>

<li> Category</li>

<li> Navigational boxes

<li>Midrange computers</li>

<li>Operating systems</li>

<li>Personal computers</li>

<li>System/360</li>

<li>System/370</li>

<li>Typewriters</li>

<li>Vacuum tube computers</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Programming_languages625" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Programming_languages625" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">Comparison</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_programming_languages" title="Timeline of programming languages">Timeline</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_programming_languages" title="History of programming languages">History</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a>

<ul><li><a href="Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly</a></li>

<li><a href="BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a>

<ul><li><a href="Visual_Basic" title="Visual Basic">Visual Basic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Visual_Basic_(classic)" title="Visual Basic (classic)">classic</a></li>

<li><a href="COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a></li>

<li><a href="Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a>

<ul><li><a href="Elixir_(programming_language)" title="Elixir (programming language)">Elixir</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Forth_(programming_language)" title="Forth (programming language)">Forth</a></li>

<li><a href="Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a></li>

<li><a href="Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a></li>

<li><a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a></li>

<li><a href="Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a></li>

<li><a href="Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a></li>

<li><a href="MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="OCaml" title="OCaml">OCaml</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>

<ul><li><a href="Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a></li>

<li><a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a></li>

<li><a href="Scratch_(programming_language)" title="Scratch (programming language)">Scratch</a></li>

<li><a href="Shell_script" title="Shell script">Shell</a></li>

<li><a href="Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a></li>

<li><a href="Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> Lists: <a href="List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">Alphabetical</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_programming_languages_by_type" title="List of programming languages by type">Categorical</a></li>

<li><a href="Generational_list_of_programming_languages" title="Generational list of programming languages">Generational</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-English-based_programming_languages" title="Non-English-based programming languages">Non-English-based</a></li>

<li> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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